目錄
兩當(dāng)網(wǎng)站建設(shè)公司創(chuàng)新互聯(lián),兩當(dāng)網(wǎng)站設(shè)計制作,有大型網(wǎng)站制作公司豐富經(jīng)驗(yàn)。已為兩當(dāng)上千余家提供企業(yè)網(wǎng)站建設(shè)服務(wù)。企業(yè)網(wǎng)站搭建\外貿(mào)網(wǎng)站制作要多少錢,請找那個售后服務(wù)好的兩當(dāng)做網(wǎng)站的公司定做!django.1
django-admin startproject.3
django-admin startapp.5
model:...7
view中使用model:...10
template.11
view中使用template:...13
去掉url和static硬編碼:...15
url反解析:...15
url命名空間:...15
form處理:...16
是py下一款著名的web框架;
框架,是整個或部分系統(tǒng)的可重用設(shè)計,表現(xiàn)為一組抽象構(gòu)件及構(gòu)件實(shí)例間交互的方法;
是可被應(yīng)用開發(fā)者定制的應(yīng)用骨架;
其它web框架:flask、tornado;
django優(yōu):
自帶輪子眾多,方便快速開發(fā),如ORM、Auth、Cache、Template、From核心組件;
天生的MVC設(shè)計模式;
實(shí)用且強(qiáng)大的管理后臺;
簡潔的url設(shè)計;
周邊插件豐富;
django缺:
重;
同步阻塞;
django設(shè)計哲學(xué):
大而全;
快速開發(fā);
django歷史:
最初開發(fā)者,Adrian和Simon;
開發(fā)背景,World Online維護(hù)幾個新聞?wù)军c(diǎn),要求快速發(fā)布新聞,快速建立其它新聞?wù)军c(diǎn)(快速開發(fā)、數(shù)據(jù)驅(qū)動);
World Online于05年夏天開源;
https://www.djangoproject.com/
(django) C:\django>pip install django==1.11
(django) C:\django>ipython
In [1]: import django
In [2]: django.get_version()
Out[2]: '1.11'
django version | python versions |
1.8 | 2.7,3.2,3.3,3.4,3.5 |
1.9,1.10 | 2.7,3.4,3.5 |
1.11 | 2.7,3.4,3.5,3.6 |
2.0 | 3.4,3.5,3.6 |
2.1 | 3.5,3.6,3.7 |
響應(yīng)流程:
pycharm,New Project-->webproject,C:\webproject
(webproject) C:\webproject>django-admin startproject mysite?? #或用python manage.py startproject mysite;此命令腳本在虛擬環(huán)境的C:\Users\Administrator\py_env\webproject\Scriptsdjango-admin.exe
mysite/mysite/sessings.py?? #項(xiàng)目配置
mysite/mysite/urls.py?? #入口url
def url(regex, view, kwargs=None, name=None):?? #view是function object,不是函數(shù)調(diào)用;view函數(shù)的第一參數(shù)永遠(yuǎn)是request,不探討CBV,view函數(shù)的返回值永遠(yuǎn)是HttpResponse對象,顯式或隱式;
url(r'^hello/$', hello),?? #django默認(rèn)會給url后加/,此處定義,hello前不帶/,hello后一定要有/,這樣即使用戶訪問http://127.0.0.1:8000/hello也會自動跳到http://127.0.0.1:8000/hello/上;若此處配置為r'^hello$',用戶訪問http://127.0.0.1:8000/hello/,訪問的地址無論是否帶/都會報404;所以記住,此處定義的url,hello前沒有/,hello后要有/;
url(r'^$', views.index, name='index')?? #app中的urls.py,可通過name反解出url;
url(r'^polls/', include('polls.urls')),?? #項(xiàng)目中的urls.py,include里是str,在用到時才動態(tài)導(dǎo)入;
mysite/mysite/wsgi.py?? #生產(chǎn)部署時調(diào)用
注:
include源碼,from django.conf.urls import url, include:
def include(arg, namespace=None, app_name=None):
例:
urls.py
from django.conf.urls import url
from django.contrib import admin
from django.http import HttpResponse
def index(request):
return HttpResponse('this is index')
def hello(request):?? #view函數(shù)的第一個參數(shù)永遠(yuǎn)是request,不探討CBV
return HttpResponse('Hello world')
urlpatterns = [?? #urlpatterns約定俗成的名字
url(r'^$', index),
url(r'^hello/$', hello),?? #django默認(rèn)會給url后加/,此處定義,hello前不帶/,hello后一定要有/,這樣即使用戶訪問http://127.0.0.1:8000/hello也會自動跳到http://127.0.0.1:8000/hello/上;若此處配置為r'^hello$',用戶訪問http://127.0.0.1:8000/hello/,訪問的地址無論是否帶/都會報404;所以記住,此處定義的url,hello前沒有/,hello后要有/
url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
]
(webproject) C:\webproject\mysite>python manage.py runserver??#可自定義ip:port,python manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0:8080,啟動的是django內(nèi)置webserver,用于測試
django app與django project區(qū)別:
app中才能用model;
app設(shè)計是可插拔的,app不一定在project中;
settings.py中有內(nèi)置的app,可根據(jù)項(xiàng)目情況禁用;
(webproject) C:\webproject\mysite>django-admin startapp polls?? #或用python manage.py startapp polls,新建投票app,在項(xiàng)目根下操作
admin.py?? #后臺管理
apps.py?? #1.8ver后加的,app的獨(dú)立配置
tests.py?? #測試用例
views.py?? #業(yè)務(wù)邏輯
migrations/?? #與model的版本控制有關(guān)
例:
mysite/mysite/settings.py?? #在項(xiàng)目settings.py中導(dǎo)入app
INSTALLED_APPS = [
'polls.apps.PollsConfig',
'django.contrib.admin',
'django.contrib.auth',
'django.contrib.contenttypes',
'django.contrib.sessions',
'django.contrib.messages',
'django.contrib.staticfiles',
]
mysite/polls/views.py
from django.shortcuts import render
from django.http import HttpResponse
def index(request):
return HttpResponse('this is index at polls')
mysite/polls/urls.py?? #app中的urls.py默認(rèn)不存在,新建
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^$', views.index, name='index')
]
mysite/mysite/urls.py
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^polls/', include('polls.urls')),?? #include中是str,在用到時才動態(tài)導(dǎo)入
url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
]
支持sqlite、mysql、postgresql、oracle;
py3.5以上版本,不支持MySQLdb驅(qū)動;
可用pymysql,py寫的;
可用mysqlclient,c寫的,速度快,fork的MySQLdb,官方推薦;
ORM,用py的方法、數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu),來訪問db,可兼容不同的DB;
一個class代表一張表,多對多會產(chǎn)生額外一張關(guān)系表;
默認(rèn)pk為id,也可自定義pk;
表名默認(rèn)為$APP_NAME$CLASS_NAME.lower(),表名小寫(跨平臺支持),可重寫;
models migrations:
定義好models.py需應(yīng)用到db,django為了能跟蹤表結(jié)構(gòu)的變化,增加了migration版本控制功能,如果沒有該功能,需手動編寫表結(jié)構(gòu)變化的語句,重新導(dǎo)入數(shù)據(jù);
models CRUD:
增:
q = Question(**kwargs)?? #方式1
q.save()
q = Question.objects.create(**kwargs)?? #方式2
刪:
q = Question.objects.get(id=1)
q.delete()
Question.objects.filter(id=1).delete()
Question.objects.all().delete()
改:
q = Question.objects.get(id=1)
q.question_text = 'some text'
q.save()
Question.objects.filter(id=1).update(question_text='why ?')
查:
Question.objects.all()
Question.objects.filter(question_text="what's up?")?? #objects,model默認(rèn)的manager管理器
Question.objects.get(id=1)
latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:3]?? #默認(rèn)升序,加上-倒序
注:
>>> from django.utils import timezone
>>> import datetime
>>> timezone.now()?? #比datetime.datetime.now()多了時區(qū),在頁面展示時,django內(nèi)部會轉(zhuǎn)為適合用戶所在的時區(qū)
datetime.datetime(2019, 1, 2, 7, 2, 18, 244920, tzinfo=<UTC>)
>>> datetime.datetime.now()
datetime.datetime(2019, 1, 2, 15, 2, 32, 837755)
models中方法:
def __str__(self):
return self.question_text
def was_published_recently(self):
return self.pub_date >= timezone.now() - datetime.timedelta(days=1)
mysite/mysite/settings.py
DATABASES = {
'default': {
'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
'NAME': os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'db.sqlite3'),
}
}
mysite/polls/models.py
from django.db import models
class Question(models.Model):?? #一個class代表一張表,多對多會產(chǎn)生額外一張關(guān)系表;默認(rèn)pk為id,也可自定義pk;表名默認(rèn)為$APP_NAME$CLASS_NAME.lower(),可重寫
question_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
pub_date = models.DateTimeField('date published')
class Choice(models.Model):
question = models.ForeignKey(Question, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
choice_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
votes = models.IntegerField(default=0)
(webproject) C:\webproject\mysite>python manage.py makemigrations?? #生成遷移記錄
(webproject) C:\webproject\mysite>python manage.py migrate?? #應(yīng)用到db
(webproject) C:\webproject\mysite>sqlite3 db.sqlite3
sqlite> .tables
auth_group????????????????? django_admin_log
auth_group_permissions????? django_content_type
auth_permission??? ?????????django_migrations
auth_user?????????????????? django_session
auth_user_groups??????????? polls_choice
auth_user_user_permissions? polls_question
sqlite> .quit
(webproject) C:\webproject\mysite>dir polls\migrations\
驅(qū)動器 C 中的卷是 OS
卷的序列號是 000B-5D26
C:\webproject\mysite\polls\migrations 的目錄
2019/01/02? 14:24??? <DIR>????????? .
2019/01/02? 14:24??? <DIR>????????? ..
2019/01/02? 14:24???????????? 1,266 0001_initial.py
2019/01/02? 11:29???????????????? 0 __init__.py
2019/01/02? 14:25??? <DIR>????????? __pycache__
2 個文件????????? 1,266 字節(jié)
3 個目錄 77,168,365,568 可用字節(jié)
(webproject) C:\webproject\mysite>python manage.py sqlmigrate polls 0001_initial?? #查看sql語句是否是指定要求的
(webproject) C:\webproject\mysite>python manage.py shell??#進(jìn)入交互式命令行
>>> from django.utils import timezone
>>> from polls.models import Question,Choice
>>> q = Question(question_text="what's new", pub_date=timezone.now())
>>> q.save()
>>> q.id
1
>>> q.pk
1
>>> q.question_text
"what's new"
>>> q.pub_date
datetime.datetime(2019, 1, 2, 6, 49, 16, 612213, tzinfo=<UTC>)
>>> from polls.models import Question,Choice
>>> from django.utils import timezone
>>> q = Question.objects.create(question_text="how are you?", pub_date=timezone.now())
>>> q = Question.objects.create(question_text="what's the weather?", pub_date=timezone.now())
>>> q = Question.objects.create(question_text="fuck you!", pub_date=timezone.now())
>>> q
<Question: fuck you!>
>>> q.was_published_recently()
True
>>> d = timezone.now() - timezone.timedelta(days=2)
>>> q.pub_date = d
>>> q.save()
>>> q.was_published_recently()
False
from django.http import HttpResponse
from .models import Question
def index(request):
latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:3]?? #默認(rèn)升序,加上-倒序
output = ', '.join([q.question_text for q in latest_question_list])
return HttpResponse(output)
def detail(request, question_id):
return HttpResponse('Your are looking at question {}'.format(question_id))
def results(request, question_id):
response = 'Your are looking at results of question {}'.format(question_id)
return HttpResponse(response)
def vote(request, question_id):
return HttpResponse('Your are voting on question {}'.format(question_id))
django內(nèi)置了自己的模板引擎,和jinja很像,使用簡單;
django默認(rèn)會在app_name/templates/下尋找模板,在app_name/templates/下再建立app_name,這樣app_name/templates/app_name/下存放與該app相關(guān)的模板,因?yàn)槟J(rèn)django會去所有的app下找模板,可能會優(yōu)先找到其它app下的模板;
默認(rèn)會到app_name/static/下尋找靜態(tài)文件;
設(shè)置公用templates和公用static:
mysite/mysite/settings.py
TEMPLATES = [
{
'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
'DIRS': [os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'templates')],
'APP_DIRS': True,
……
STATIC_URL = '/static/'
STATICFILES_DIRS = [
os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'static'),
]
>>> from django.template import Template,Context
>>> t = Template('My name is {{ name }}')
>>> c = Context({'name':'jowin'})?? #context可以是 dict、屬性、方法、tuple|list
>>> t.render(c)
'My name is jowin'
>>> t = Template('my name is {{ name }}')
>>> d = {'name':'jowin'}
>>> c = Context(d)
>>> t.render(c)
'my name is jowin'
>>> t = Template('my name is {{ user.name }}')?? #變量查找,dict、attr、method、list、tuple
>>> class Person:
...???? def __init__(self,name):
...???????????? self.name = name
...
>>> user = Person('jowin')
>>> user.name
'jowin'
>>> c = Context({'user':user})
>>> t.render(c)
'my name is jowin'
>>> t = Template('my name is {{ user.name }}')
>>> class Person:
...???? def name(self):
...???????????? return 'jowin'
...
>>> user = Person()
>>> user.name()
'jowin'
>>> c = Context({'user':user})
>>> t.render(c)
'my name is jowin'
模板引擎支持循環(huán)、判斷、過濾器:
for:
{% for person in person_list %}
<li> {{ person.name }} </li>
{% endfor %}
if:
{% if max > 10 %}
<li>max value is {{ max }} </li>
{% else %}
<li>max value is 10 </li>
{% endif %}
過濾器:
{{ now | date:"F j,Y" }}
{{ name | length }}
render源碼,from django.shortcuts import render:
def render(request, template_name, context=None, content_type=None, status=None, using=None):
"""
Returns a HttpResponse whose content is filled with the result of calling
django.template.loader.render_to_string() with the passed arguments.
"""
content = loader.render_to_string(template_name, context, request, using=using)
return HttpResponse(content, content_type, status)
另,render_to_response(),老版本1.6用;
mysite/polls/views.py
from django.http import HttpResponse
from .models import Question
from django.template import loader
# def index(request):
#???? latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:4]
#???? template = loader.get_template('polls/index.html')
#???? context = {'latest_question_list': latest_question_list}
#???? # output = ', '.join([q.question_text for q in latest_question_list])
#???? return HttpResponse(template.render(context))?? #方1
def index(request):
latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:4]
context = {'latest_question_list': latest_question_list}
return render(request, 'polls/index.html', context)?? #方2
mysite/polls/templates/polls/index.html
<img src="/static/django.png">?? #mysite/polls/static/django.png
{% if latest_question_list %}
<ul>
{% for question in latest_question_list %}
<li><a href="/polls/{{ question.id }}/">{{ question.question_text }}</a></li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>
{% endif %}
(webproject) C:\webproject\mysite>python manage.py runserver
mysite/polls/templates/polls/index.html
{% load static %}
<img src="{% static 'django.png' %}">
{% if latest_question_list %}
<ul>
{% for question in latest_question_list %}
<!--<li><a href="/polls/{{ question.id }}/">{{ question.question_text }}</a></li>-->
<li><a href="{% url 'detail' question.id %}">{{ question.question_text }}</a></li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>
{% endif %}
注:
{% url 'detail' question.id %}?? #app的urls.py中定義的name有關(guān);app namespace改后,'detail'改為'polls:detail';
正解析,url-->view;
反解析,view-->url;
>>> from django.shortcuts import reverse
>>> reverse('detail',kwargs={'question_id':1})
'/polls/1/'
另,reverse_lazy(),為解決循環(huán)依賴;
app namespace和instance namespace:
通常使用app namespace;
若app有多個include,使用instance namespace;
app namespace:
mysite/polls/urls.py?? #方1,建議使用,在app_name/urls.py中定義
app_name = 'polls'
mysite/mysite/urls.py
url(r'^polls/', include('polls.urls', app_name='polls')),?? #方2,在項(xiàng)目下定義mysite/mysite/urls.py
instance namespace:
instance級別,名稱不可以重復(fù);
mysite/mysite/urls.py
url(r'^polls/', include('polls.urls', namespace='polls')),
mysite/polls/templates/polls/detail.html
<h2>{{ question.question_text }}</h2>
{% if error_message %}
<P><strong>{{ error_message }}</strong></P>
{% endif %}
<form action="{% url 'polls:vote' question.id %}">
{% csrf_token %}
{% for choice in question.choice_set.all %}
<input type="radio" name="choice" id="choice{{ forloop.counter }}" value="{{ choice.id }}" />
<label for="choice{{ forloop.counter }}">{{ choice.choice_text }}</label><br />
{% endfor %}
<input type="submit" value="Vote" />
</form>
mysite/polls/views.py
from django.shortcuts import render, get_object_or_404, reverse
from django.http import HttpResponse, HttpResponseRedirect
from .models import Question, Choice
from django.template import loader
# from django.core.urlresolvers import reverse
# def index(request):
#???? latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:4]
#???? template = loader.get_template('polls/index.html')
#???? context = {'latest_question_list': latest_question_list}
#???? # output = ', '.join([q.question_text for q in latest_question_list])
#???? return HttpResponse(template.render(context))
def index(request):
latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:4]
context = {'latest_question_list': latest_question_list}
return render(request, 'polls/index.html', context)
def detail(request, question_id):
# try:
#???? question = Question.objects.get(id=question_id)
# except Question.DoesNotExist:
#???? return HttpResponse('Not Found', status=404)
question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)
return render(request, 'polls/detail.html', {'question': question})
def results(request, question_id):
question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)
return render(request, 'polls/results.html', {'question': question})
def vote(request, question_id):
question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)
print(request)
if request.method == 'POST':
choice_id = request.POST.get('choice', 0)
try:
selected_choice = question.choice_set.get(pk=choice_id)
except Choice.DoesNotExist:
return render(request, 'polls/detail.html', {
?????'question': question, 'error_message': 'You did not select a choice',
})
else:
selected_choice.votes += 1
selected_choice.save()
return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('polls:results', args=(question.id,)))
mysite/polls/templates/polls/results.html
<h2>{{ question.question_text }}</h2>
<ul>
{% for choice in question.choice_set.all %}
<li>{{ choice.choice_text }} -- {{ choice.votes }} vote{{ choice.votes|pluralize }}</li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>
<a href="{% url 'polls:detail' question.id %}">Vote again?</a>
項(xiàng)目中使用:
pip install pymysql
pip install pillow?? #ImageField依賴
1、?數(shù)據(jù)庫使用mysql:
項(xiàng)目目錄的__init__.py中
import pymysql
pymysql.install_as_MySQLdb()
DATABASES = {
'default': {
'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql',
'NAME': 'mxonline',
'USER': 'mxonline',
'PASSWORD': '123456',
'HOST': '192.168.88.222',
'PORT': 3306
}
2、apps目錄下統(tǒng)一放app:
右鍵apps-->Mark directory as-->Source Root?? #解決編輯器查找,import時可在apps中找
import sys
sys.path.insert(0, os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'apps'))?? #解決命令行環(huán)境查找
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本文名稱:91django_基本使用-創(chuàng)新互聯(lián)
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